Dark matter as the binding energy of matter

Abstract

The problem with dark matter or dark mass is that, when observed in experiments, it has no theoretical basis. Attempts to explain it by the presence of exotic material objects, new elementary particles or a change in gravity formulas lead to inconsistent results. The paper offers a physical explanation of the phenomenon of the existence of dark mass. At the same time, the following are used: the known fact of equivalence of mass and energy; the theory of open complex (or composite) systems, to which the galaxy belongs; theory of closed systems (star, atomic nucleus, nucleon, quark, preon); the hypothesis that the primary kinetic energy of particles that arose during the Big Bang is the source of the energy field of connection. It is shown that black mass is nothing more than the binding energy of matter inside the galaxy divided by the square of the speed of  light. Approximately, at least a fivefold excess of the mass of the galaxy over the sum of the masses of its stars indicates that the value of the binding energy of the matter of the galaxy is at least five times greater than the total rest energy of its stars. The practical possibility of studying the binding energy inside the matter of the galaxy is due to the fact that the subtraction of the sum of the rest masses of the stars (closed systems) from the rest mass of the galaxy, as an open system, is not accompanied by the subtraction of the corresponding values of the binding energies. This is explained by the fact that the expressions for bond energies in open and closed systems in the corresponding formulas have opposite signs. Therefore, on the contrary, subtracting the sum of the masses of the stars from the mass of the galaxy leads to a practically doubled value of the binding energy (or dark matter). A comparison of the values of the binding energies associated with the kinetic energy of the motion of the stars with the binding energy inside the atom and atomic nucleus shows their insufficiency to explain the amount of observed dark mass. It is assumed that the amount of binding energy sufficient for this is inside the quarks consisting of preons, as evidenced by the experimental values of the preon pulses. The definition of dark mass through the binding energy of the matter of the galaxy explains why it has only gravitational properties, does not participate in electromagnetic interaction, does not glow and does not absorb light and, accordingly, is inaccessible to direct observation.